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Fascist (insult)
Since the beginning of Fascism, the term is frequently used as a political insult against a wide range of individuals, governments, and public institutions. It usually serves as an emotionally loaded substitute for "authoritarian", but it's treated so flexibly it's often used to describe any movement or position the user strongly disagrees with.
==Soviet Union==
The Bolshevik movement and later the Soviet Union made frequent use of the "fascist" epithet coming from its self-perceived opposition to the early German and Italian fascist movements. It was widely used in press and political language to describe either direct competition (such as the White movement) or even internal fractions of the socialist movement, for example social democracy which was called social fascism. Also the Nazi movement in Germany was described as "fascist" until 1939, when the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was signed, after which Nazi–Soviet relations started to be presented positively in Soviet propaganda.
In 1944 British writer George Orwell commented that due to the widespread usage in the European press, "the word 'Fascism' is almost entirely meaningless" due to its non-specific usage detached from its original political associations.〔"It will be seen that, as used, the word 'Fascism' is almost entirely meaningless. In conversation, of course, it is used even more wildly than in print. I have heard it applied to farmers, shopkeepers, Social Credit, corporal punishment, fox-hunting, bull-fighting, the 1922 Committee, the 1941 Committee, Kipling, Gandhi, Chiang Kai-Shek, homosexuality, Priestley's broadcasts, Youth Hostels, astrology, women, dogs and I do not know what else.", George Orwell, (What is Fascism? ), 1944〕
After 1941 "fascist" was used in the Soviet Union to describe virtually any anti-Soviet activity or opinion. According to Marxism–Leninism, fascism was the "final phase of crisis of bourgeoisie", which "in fascism sought refuge" from "inherent contradictions of capitalism". As result of this approach, it was almost every Western capitalist country that was "fascist", with the Third Reich being just the "most reactionary" one. As result, after 1941 "fascist" was used in Soviet Union to describe virtually any anti-Soviet activity: for example, the international investigation on Katyn massacre was described as "fascist libel".,〔Robert Stiller, "Semantyka zbrodni"〕 the Warsaw Uprising as "illegal and organised by fascists".〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=1944 - Powstanie Warszawskie )〕 Communist Służba Bezpieczeństwa described trotskyism, titoism and imperialism as "variants of fascism".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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